In the wake of Zack Space’s upset loss to upstart Republican challenger Bob Gibbs, many Democrats in the 18th district are doing just what Democrats are doing all over the country: shaking their heads. Despite a clear fundraising advantage, a two-term incumbency to rest on, and much support from the national Democratic party, Space was not able to fight off the tide of support for Republican candidates—and apathy towards the Democratic party—that became the defining characteristic of the 2010 midterm elections.
The race for the 18th district was punctuated by some of the nastiest negative advertising in the country, with both candidates linking one another to the sluggish economy and pinning their opponents with association to China. This negative advertising probably worked to depress the turnout of moderates and increase turnout for extremists, which negative advertising has been shown to do in the past. This seemed to work in favor of Gibbs, the Republican, in this instance. Since the extremists in this election were more likely to be Republican (because of the economic situation, the conditions favor the party that is not in power ), they were mobilized by the nasty campaign while more moderate supporters of Space were more likely to stay home. This was compounded by the fact that Space, as a Blue Dog Democrat, was a moderate that represented an especially conservative district. Everything lined up to give Space a walloping loss at a 53-41 margin.
Campaign message also played a part in Gibbs’ victory. Much of Space’s campaign was built around trying to make free trade a central issue in the election. By painting Gibbs as a politician who blindly cared about free trade at the expense of blue-collar workers in Ohio, the Space campaign was attempting to make Gibbs seem like the politician while Space was more of a down-to-earth working man. This was an ineffective strategy because Space was already an established politician of the past four years. When voters are presented with a claim about a candidate, it does not live in isolation from their preconceived notions about the candidate. Voters evaluate the new claim in light of what they already know or believe about the candidate and then decide whether to accept out the new information or to reject it. Gibbs’ message as an outsider coming to right the wrongs of capital hill resonated much more with voters, especially since Space was a Democrat who was in support of the stimulus, a stimulus that had not shown any measurable effect for job prospects in the 18th district.
Space was also on the losing side of a national race. In a race for the House that looked like it was going to be messy for Democrats but was more of a landslide for Republicans than anyone would have managed, Space found himself caught up in the middle of an unpopular party in the wrong midterm year. While the old adage “all politics is local” seems to have some relevance to this election, it seems much more reasonable to assess that this year is an exception. Democrats all over the country were run out of their seats. Five Ohio congressmen lost their seats in the race, all Democrats. Sometimes, a candidate can do everything that he or she can to localize an election, but it ultimately gets contextualized by the national electoral landscape. Now, like many Democrats across the country, Space is off to find a new job.
Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. "Effects of Negative Campaigning on Turnout in U.S. Senate Elections, 1988–1998." The Journal of Politics 63.03 (2001): 804-19. Print.
Jacobson, Gary C. The Politics of Congressional Elections. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. Print.
MacKuen, Michael, and George Rabinowitz. Electoral Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2003. Print.
Thursday, November 11, 2010
Thursday, October 28, 2010
The Final Week of Campaigning
This final week of the campaign was highlighted by Space’s villainizing of third-party campaign contributors. Space has come out in saying that he is worried about the contributions of corporations for this election cycle and its effects on democracy.[1] Space additionally talked about third-party organizations that are running advertisements and commented on the lack of transparency associated with these organizations.[2] These tactics scream of desperation. These may be last-ditch attempts for Space to drum up some support for his policies before the election next week.
The Democratic party is working hard to keep Space in office, too, as they sent Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to the 18th to talk about solar farms with Space.[3] The Democrats are trying to bolster Space’s credentials as a friend of rural life, but also as a results-oriented champion of green jobs. By bringing Space’s successes in green jobs back into the public eye, the Democrats are reinforcing the idea that Space has done good in the past, an important selling point for an incumbent.[4]
The 18th is now waiting in suspense as the election nears.
[1] Genson, Loren. "Parties' Big Guns Converge on Ohio." Zanesvilletimesrecorder.com. 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. <http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20101028/NEWS01/10280303/1002>.
[2] Eaton, Sabrina. "Ohio Congressional Candidates Focus on Getting Voters out in Battleground Districts | Cleveland.com." Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather - Cleveland.com. 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. <http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2010/10/post_23.html>.
[3] Eaton, Sabrina. "Ohio Congressional Candidates Focus on Getting Voters out in Battleground Districts | Cleveland.com." Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather - Cleveland.com. 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. <http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2010/10/post_23.html>.
[4] Jacobson, Gary C. The Politics of Congressional Elections. 7th ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. Print.
Thursday, October 21, 2010
Coshocton Forum Uncovers Issue Differences
On October 15th, the three candidates for the 18th congressional district in Ohio faced off in a forum in Coshocton with rhetoric about issues and jobs.[1] In this forum, Democratic candidate Zack Space further cemented his message of portraying himself as a moderate while Republican candidate Bob Gibbs showed himself to be a conservative advocating government withdrawal from business interests.
As jobs have become the central issue of the campaign, the two candidates have found themselves in different camps as to how to create these jobs. In a recent interview tith the Mount Vernon News, Space championed the stimulus package and has taken credit for the jobs created in the 18th by it. In the same article, Gibbs criticizes the stimulus and advocates government withdrawal from business.[2]
Space has been criticized by the Americans for Prosperity for his vote for the cap-and-trade proposal in a recent advertisement.[3] The advertisement is biting in associating Space with Pelosi, a figure that the Republicans are trying to make the villain of this campaign season. The question as to whether or not the negative ads from this campaign will result in a decreased turnout has evidence on both sides in scholarly research.[4] [5]
Space and Gibbs have less to disagree on when it comes to health care. Space voted against the health care proposal for the reason that it did not benefit seniors enough and Gibbs also came out against health care reform from a libertarian standpoint.[6] Space was able to further bolster his credentials with senior citizens with a vote on senior security.[7]
Also of note, Gibbs supporters are running a phone advertisement that the NRA is accusing of falsely claiming the NRA endorsement.[8] An interesting study to be undertaken would be whether this ad had a measurable effect on having voters believe the candidate was NRA-endorsed.
[1] Alaimo, Jessica. "18th District Candidates Sound off at Coshocton Forum."Zanesvilletimesrecorder.com. Zanesville Times Recorder, 15 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20101015/NEWS03/10150301/1002/NEWS01/18th-District-candidates-sound-off-at-Coshocton-forum>.
[2] Reed, Alan. "Gibbs, Space, Sutton Square off for 18th District Seat / Mount Vernon News."Mountvernonnews.com. Mount Vernon News, 18 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/10/election/gibbs-space-sutton-square-off-for-18th-district-seat>.
[3] Israel, Josh, and Aaron Mehta. "Americans for Prosperity Blasts Ohio Democrat’s Climate Change Vote." The Center for Public Integrity. 21 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/blog/entry/2553/>.
[4] Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. "Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?" American Political Science Review 88.4 (1994): 829-38. Print.
[5] Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. "Effects of Negative Campaigning on Turnout in U.S. Senate Elections, 1988-1998." Southern Political Science Association 63.3 (2001): 804-19. Print.
[6] Reed, Alan. "Gibbs, Space, Sutton Square off for 18th District Seat.”
[7] "SPACE ANNOUNCES VOTE ON RELIEF FOR SENIORS." PoliticalNews.me. 17 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://politicalnews.me/?id=5615&keys=Congressman-Zack-Space-SocialSecurity>.
[8] Riskind, Jonathan. "NRA Corrects 18th District Call: Space Has Its Support | Columbus Dispatch Politics." Ohio Political News & Opinion | Columbus Dispatch Politics. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2010/10/20/copy/nra-corrects-18th-district-call-space-has-its-support.html?adsec=politics&sid=101>.
Friday, October 15, 2010
Job Rhetoric Heats Up
As election day nears, the race has begun to close. Realclearpolitics.com has identified this campaign as one of the forty “toss-ups” in the election right now, with challenger Bob Gibbs coming up even in the race against incumbent Zach Space in recent polling.[1] Due to this, the Democratic party has begun to pour money into the Space campaign.[2]
Jobs continue to dominate as the theme of the campaign. Cantonrep.com did an article recently on the approaches of Space and Gibbs saying that Space is much more focused on infrastructure development while Gibbs is taking an approach that emphasizes cuts in government spending.[3] Gibbs recently spoke in Zanesville about the excesses of big government.[4] He has also lashed out at Space for his votes in favor of President Obama’s cap and trade policies, something that Gibbs says kills jobs in rural Ohio.[5]
These policies follow models in research that expect for incumbents to have trouble during years where the economy and the president are being criticized.[6] By tying Space’s economic policies to that of an unpopular president, Gibbs has been able to exploit the weaknesses that make incumbents fall. This has led to an endorsement from the Intelligencer, which criticized Space for killing jobs in Ohio by supporting cap-and-trade.[7]
The other big story in the campaign has been to the backlash against Space’s “Thank You” ad. News sources have criticized the ad for being, among other things, simplistic in addressing issues and overly personal.[8] Interestingly, Space was the first to start flinging mud, even though Republicans have been shown in past elections to be quicker to resort to negative campaigning.[9] This is not terribly surprising, though, since Democrats have been shown to be quick to run negative campaigns when the polls are close.[10] The anti-Chinese themes do reflect larger national themes at this point. Space is one of almost thirty Democratic candidates to begin running an anti-Chinese television advertisement in the past two weeks.[11] This could end up drumming up anti-Chinese sentiment, which would go past the already-documented negative effects that negative advertising have on public notions of political efficacy.[12]
[1] Dupree, Jaime. "The Toss Ups." Blogs about Atlanta News, Sports and More | Ajc.com, AccessAtlanta.com. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 15 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://blogs.ajc.com/jamie-dupree-washington-insider/2010/10/15/the-toss-ups/?cxntfid=blogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider>.
[2] Eaton, Sabrina. "Democrats Pump an Extra $788,000 into Ohio Congressional Races | Cleveland.com." Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather - Cleveland.com. Cleveland.com, 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2010/10/democrats_pump_another_788000.html>.
[3] "18th Congressional Candidates Focus on Jobs - Canton, OH - CantonRep.com."Cantonrep.com. 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.cantonrep.com/news/x1423335487/18th-Congressional-candidates-focus-on-jobs>.
[4] Shannon, Brittany. "Bob Gibbs Talks Jobs in Zanesville | WHIZ News." Headlines | WHIZ News. Whiznews.com, 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.whiznews.com/content/news/local/2010/10/05/bob-gibbs-talks-jobs-in-zanesville>.
[5] Lehmann, Evan. "In Ohio's Coal Country, Climate Policy Is a Tough Issue - NYTimes.com."The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/10/14/14climatewire-in-ohios-coal-country-climate-policy-is-a-to-30872.html>.
[6] Jacobson, Gary C. The Politics of Congressional Elections. 7th ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. Print.
[7] "Elect Gibbs To Congress." News, Sports, Jobs - The Intelligencer / Wheeling News-Register. 15 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.theintelligencer.net/page/content.detail/id/547740/Elect-Gibbs-To-Congress.html?nav=511>.
[8] Isla, Jose De La. "Delaisla: Focus on the Issues, Not on Blame Games." Scrippsnews. Scripps Howard News Service, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/57130>.
[9] Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. "Effects of Negative Campaigning on Turnout in U.S. Senate Elections, 1988-1998." Southern Political Science Association 63.3 (2001): 804-19. Print.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Chen, David W. "China Emerges as a Scapegoat in Campaign Ads." The New York Times. 9 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/us/politics/10outsource.html?_r=2&hp>.
[12] Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. "Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?" The American Political Science Review 88.4 (1994): 829-38. Print.
Friday, October 8, 2010
Jobs and Social Networking
This week in the campaign, both candidates rolled out attack ads that attempted to paint their opponent as job killers. Zach Space’s “Thank You” ad reinforces his message that Bob Gibbs is outsourcing jobs by saying that China loves Gibbs.[1] He has recently been trying to boost his perception as a job creator by making a public statement about a solar energy field to be built in southeast Ohio.[2] Gibbs has countered with his “New Leadership ad, accusing Space of “killing” jobs by supporting cap and trade.[3] This back and forth has made it clear that job creation and retention is the central issue of this campaign. With the bad national landscape for Democrats this election year, Gibbs could make up a lot of ground if he can convince voters that Space is just another Democrat. Something is going to have to break through, though, for this challenger to overtake the incumbent.
Part of Gibbs’ approach has been reaching out through internet media, a common tactic for challengers.[4] Gibbs has links to his twitter, facebook group, and linkedin profiles readily available on his main webpage.[5] This is in contrast to Space’s website, which has links to social networking media near the bottom of the page.[6] Gibbs also has a more prominent facebook group, with over 1,300 group members, about four hundred more than Space’s facebook page.[7] [8] This follows the regular patterns of strategy as challengers more commonly use the more risky venue of facebook groups as an opportunity to get the word out to young voters.[9] Whether this style of advertising will pay off for Gibbs is still yet to be seen.
[1] Riskind, Jonathan. "Campaign Ad Watch: Rep. Zack Space, 'Thank You' | The Columbus Dispatch." Central Ohio News, Sports, Arts & Classifieds | The Columbus Dispatch. 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2010/10/05/ad-watch-space-thank-you.html?sid=101>.
[2] "Solar Energy Field to Be Built in Southeastern Ohio, Space Says." Coshoctontribune.com. Coshocton Tribune, 4 Oct. 2010. Web. 8 Oct. 2010. <http://www.coshoctontribune.com/article/20101004/UPDATES01/101004009/1002/NEWS01>.
[3] Torry, Jack. "Campaign Ad Watch: Bob Gibbs, 'New Leadership' | The Columbus Dispatch."Central Ohio News, Sports, Arts & Classifieds | The Columbus Dispatch. 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2010/10/05/ad-watch-gibbs-new-leadership.html?sid=101>.
[4] Williams, Christine B., and Girish J. Gulati. "Social Networks as Viral Campaigns: Facebook and the 2006 Midterm Elections." American Political Science Association (2007). Print.
[5] Bob Gibbs for Congress - Home. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://www.bobgibbsforcongress.com/>.
[6] Congressman Zack Space : Home. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://space.house.gov/>.
[7] "Bob Gibbs for Congress | Facebook." Welcome to Facebook. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=130462750307274>.
[8] "Congressman Zack Space | Facebook." Welcome to Facebook. Web. 08 Oct. 2010. <http://www.facebook.com/RepZackSpace>.
[9] Williams and Girish, “Social Networks.”
Friday, October 1, 2010
Endorsements and Free Trade Agreements Dominate Headlines
News this week in the campaign for Ohio’s 18th centers around some surprising moves by interest groups. First, incumbent Democrat Zach Space picked up the all-important NRA endorsement last Friday.[1] Space was able to edge out Gibbs, a “life-member” of the NRA, with his experience as a co-author of the “Reform and Firearms Modernization Act.” In a conservative district such as the 18th, this endorsement means a lot for Space to pick up otherwise moderate issue voters.
On the other side, Space’s opposition to the health care reform bill is beginning to come back to haunt him. The coalition of the Communication Workers of America, United Auto Workers Union, and the United Food and Commercial Workers have begun a campaign called “Skip-a-Space,” aimed as a retaliation towards Space for his opposition to the bill.[2] This move could keep some of Space’s more liberal voters home as research has found that negative endorsements by labor unions can alienate liberals.[3]
Space is beginning to establish a lead on some important issues. Last Wednesday, he proposed a national referendum on free trade agreements.[4] While the act seems impractical and smacks of political posturing, this follows a common strategy of using a record to attack the weaknesses of the opponent.[5] Space is trying to paint Gibbs as a tool of big business and part of the problem of jobs leaking out of Ohio.
Gibbs’ response has been to paint Space as a tool of a stimulus-crazed Democratic House that isn’t getting anything done. In a questionably factual ad, the Americans for Job Security have placed Space right next to Nancy Pelosi in pictures, trying to call into question his conservative credentials.[6] Whether these allegations will stick will come out in the next couple of weeks.
Finally, Space has been campaigning in Los Angeles attempting to raise money. There, he told voters that “It could be my seat that makes the difference in the house, this is why I am asking for everybody’s support.”[7] Here, Space is capitalizing on one of the strongest methods of campaigning: making voters feel that their vote will have an effect in the grand scheme.[8]
As certain issues begin to become the major issues in the campaign, we will see which ones begin to take hold in the hearts of voters.
[1] Riskind, Jonathan. "NRA Endorses Space over GOP Challenger Gibbs." Ohio Political News & Opinion | Columbus Dispatch Politics. Columbus Dispatch, 26 Sept. 2010. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2010/09/26/copy/dc2.html?adsec=politics&sid=101>.
[2] Isenstadt, Alex. "Labor Continues to Hammer Space - Alex Isenstadt - POLITICO.com."Politics, Political News - POLITICO.com. 28 Sept. 2010. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. <http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0910/42829.html>.
[3] Mcdermott, M. L. "Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues."Political Research Quarterly 59.2 (2006): 249-57. Print.
[4] Alaimo, Jessica. "Space Wants National Referendum on Trade Deals."Http://www.chillicothegazette.com/. Chillicothe Gazette, 30 Sept. 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. <http://www.chillicothegazette.com/article/20100930/NEWS01/9300309>.
[5] Sellers, Patrick J. "Strategy and Background in Congressional Campaigns." American Political Science Review 92.1 (1998): 159-71. Http://www.jstor.org. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2585935>.
[6] Subject, By. "PolitiFact | Americans for Job Security Targets Zack Space, Other Dems on Their Agenda." PolitiFact | Sorting out the Truth in Politics. 23 Sept. 2010. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. <http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2010/sep/27/americans-job-security/americans-job-security-targets-zach-space-other-de/>.
[7] Papapostolou, Anastasios. "Congressman Space Explains Importance of His Seat." Congressman Space Explains Importance of His Seat. Greek USA Reporter, 28 Sept. 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. <http://usa.greekreporter.com/2010/09/28/zack-space-visited-california-emphasizing-the-importance-of-his-seat-in-congress/>.
[8] Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 94.3 (2000): 653-63. Print.
Thursday, September 23, 2010
Setting the Scene
Ohio’s 18th congressional district offers one of the most exciting races for the 2010 midterm election cycle. The race pits two-time Democratic congressman Zack Space against challenger Robert Gibbs, a member of the Ohio legislature since 2003.[1] [2]
For those not familiar with Ohio’s 18th, the district stretches from just south of Canton all the way down to Chillichothe, south of Columbus. The largest cities in the district are Mt. Vernon, Newark, Zanesville, and Chillicothe. The district is an overwhelming 95.3% white demographically, and has a median income of $40,836, about $11,000 below the national average, and a rate of 12.5% of residents having achieved a bachelor’s degree, less than half the national average.[3]
Since the 1994 Republican takeover of the house, this had been the district of Bob Ney, the now-disgraced image of Republican corruption who resigned during the 2006 midterm election. Space rode the national tidal wave of support for Democrats coupled with local resentment at the Republican party after Bob Ney’s involvement with lobbyist Jack Abramoff to a crushing 62% victory over Ney’s replacement, Joy Padgett.[4] Space, a former attorney from Dover, Ohio, a small town south of Canton, now finds himself in his toughest race yet.
Bob Gibbs hails from Lakeville, OH, a town near Wooster, and has been a resident of Holmes county for 24 years.[5] While Space was not challenged in a primary race, Gibbs was not as lucky, facing seven challengers in the Republican primary. Gibbs beat his closest challenger by a close 160 votes with a mere 21% of the vote held on May 4th.[6] To this point, Space has raised almost $1.3 million to Gibbs’ $200,000.[7]
The issue that will dominate discussion in this race is job prospects and economic policy. Voters are already starting to duke it out in letters to the editor, while Gibbs has made economic policy the centerpiece of public statements.[8] [9] On their respective campaign websites, Space tacitly endorses the stimulus package while emphasizing tax breaks for small businesses and his blue dog, former business-owner credentials while Gibbs rails against spending in Washington. [10] [11]
At this time, the New York Times’ “fivethirtyeight” model gives Space a 56% chance of victory and rate this race as “leaning democratic.”[12] While Space seems to have the advantage in this race through incumbent status and a massive funding edge, he has only been able to hold onto his place in the district with a strong blue dog image. This could be the year that the Republican party can finally blot Bob Ney from the public memory and retake this conservative district.
[1] "Congress.org - Bio : Rep. Zack Space (D-Ohio) Biography." Congress.org - Get Informed, Get Involved. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://congress.org/congressorg/bio/id/51154>.
[2] "Senator Bob Gibbs (R) - District 22." Welcome to The Ohio Senate. 24 Sept. 2010. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://www.ohiosenate.gov/bob-gibbs.html>.
[3] "Ohio 18th District Race Profile - Election 2010 - The New York Times." House Races - Election 2010 - The New York Times. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/house/ohio/18>.
[4] Ibid.
[5] <ohiosenate.gov>
[6] <nytimes.com>
[7] "Campaign 2010: Congressional Races (washingtonpost.com)." Washingtonpost.com - Nation, World, Technology and Washington Area News and Headlines. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/2010-race-maps/house/>.
[8] Hills, Pamela R. "Zack Space Is Fighting to Bring Jobs Back to Ohio." Newarkadvocate.com. Newark Advocate, 22 Sept. 2010. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://www.newarkadvocate.com/article/20100922/OPINION03/9220313>.
[9] "Gibbs: We Cannot Spend Ourselves Into Prosperity." News, Sports, Jobs - The Intelligencer / Wheeling News-Register. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://www.theintelligencer.net/page/content.detail/id/541837.html?nav=515>.
[10] "Congressman Zack Space : Economic Recovery." Congressman Zack Space : Home. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://space.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=96§iontree=6,96>.
[11] "Bob Gibbs for Congress - Issues." Bob Gibbs for Congress - Home. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://www.bobgibbsforcongress.com/issues>.
[12] <nytimes.com>
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